عبد الحفيظ جباري
24/06/2015, 12:40 PM
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته،
يسرني أن أطلب مساعدة الواتاويين في ترجمة ما أدناه داعيا لمن ساعدني في هذا العمل بجزيل الثواب، والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته:
NEOLOGISMS IN BRITISH NEWSPAPERS
http://www.dukonference.lv/files/proceedings_of_conf/53konf/valodnieciba_literaturzinatne/Usevics.pdf
Neologisms have been allotted a lot of different definitions. In dictionaries, neologism
is generally defined as ‘a new word or a new meaning for an established word’. To be more
specific, Peter Newmark defines neologisms as “newly come lexical or existing units that
acquire a new sense” (Newmark 1988: 140). According to Oxford Dictionary of English
(2003: 1179) a neologism is “a newly coined word or expression that may be in the process of
entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms
are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. The term
neologism is not used only in linguistics, it can also be found in other sciences. And if we take
some science in particular, we may see that all of them reflect the essence of the notion, as
there is “always something new”. It is possible to create a new definition using all the abovementioned
ones. This definition might be as follows: a neologism is a word, a term, or a
phrase that has been recently created (or coined) often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize
pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. Neologisms
are especially useful in denominating inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas that have
taken on a new cultural context. In the present research we will stick to this definition, as it
seems to include all the main characteristic features of neologisms.
As it has already been mentioned the term neologism was coined in English in 1803.
But the English variant of this term was not new because French, Italian and German had their
respective terms, which were invented in the previous 65 years (Oxford Dictionary of English,
2003). The critics of the time conceived of neologism in literature as analogous to the
continuous creation and introduction of new lexical units into the language, and they thought
of language change in general as the process of decay. Thus neologism was condemned on
both aesthetic and linguistic grounds and the term was used pejoratively only. This older
meaning of neologism, and the attitude it reflects, are still alive today.
However, as early as the second half of the 18th century, it became obvious that the
vocabulary of literary expression should and perhaps could not be fully limited. Thus
pejorative neologism was given an ameliorative doublet, neology which meant the
introduction of “approved” or “correct” new words into language (Петрашевский 1846:234).
The old meaning of neologism is synonymous to that of barbarism, gallicism (in
English), anglicism (in French), and even archaism. It is opposed to purism (The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000).
Such word characteristics as being an archaism or a neologism are historically relative.
To value the level of word topicality, to ascribe to neologism the features of archaism is
possible only by looking at a certain period of social existence of a language.
يسرني أن أطلب مساعدة الواتاويين في ترجمة ما أدناه داعيا لمن ساعدني في هذا العمل بجزيل الثواب، والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته:
NEOLOGISMS IN BRITISH NEWSPAPERS
http://www.dukonference.lv/files/proceedings_of_conf/53konf/valodnieciba_literaturzinatne/Usevics.pdf
Neologisms have been allotted a lot of different definitions. In dictionaries, neologism
is generally defined as ‘a new word or a new meaning for an established word’. To be more
specific, Peter Newmark defines neologisms as “newly come lexical or existing units that
acquire a new sense” (Newmark 1988: 140). According to Oxford Dictionary of English
(2003: 1179) a neologism is “a newly coined word or expression that may be in the process of
entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms
are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. The term
neologism is not used only in linguistics, it can also be found in other sciences. And if we take
some science in particular, we may see that all of them reflect the essence of the notion, as
there is “always something new”. It is possible to create a new definition using all the abovementioned
ones. This definition might be as follows: a neologism is a word, a term, or a
phrase that has been recently created (or coined) often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize
pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. Neologisms
are especially useful in denominating inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas that have
taken on a new cultural context. In the present research we will stick to this definition, as it
seems to include all the main characteristic features of neologisms.
As it has already been mentioned the term neologism was coined in English in 1803.
But the English variant of this term was not new because French, Italian and German had their
respective terms, which were invented in the previous 65 years (Oxford Dictionary of English,
2003). The critics of the time conceived of neologism in literature as analogous to the
continuous creation and introduction of new lexical units into the language, and they thought
of language change in general as the process of decay. Thus neologism was condemned on
both aesthetic and linguistic grounds and the term was used pejoratively only. This older
meaning of neologism, and the attitude it reflects, are still alive today.
However, as early as the second half of the 18th century, it became obvious that the
vocabulary of literary expression should and perhaps could not be fully limited. Thus
pejorative neologism was given an ameliorative doublet, neology which meant the
introduction of “approved” or “correct” new words into language (Петрашевский 1846:234).
The old meaning of neologism is synonymous to that of barbarism, gallicism (in
English), anglicism (in French), and even archaism. It is opposed to purism (The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000).
Such word characteristics as being an archaism or a neologism are historically relative.
To value the level of word topicality, to ascribe to neologism the features of archaism is
possible only by looking at a certain period of social existence of a language.